How To Write An Essay On The Environment

How To Write An Essay On The Environment What organization is issuing the scholarship, and how can you tie that into your writing? What is the underlying information they want to learn from your essay? Write in a way that shows you are the best candidate for the scholarship. If you have a chance to show your essay to your English instructor or academic adviser, do so. The primary argument supporting cell phone control in the classroom is the fact that phones can be distracting. Not only do cell phones distract instructors, but they may also distract students trying to pay attention to the lecture. Everything in your essay revolves around your thesis. This is the big point you are trying to make, which is usually an answer to a question in the essay prompt. If our thesis was that cell phones should NOT be controlled in college, we would explain the dangers of not having access to cell phones. The body paragraphs should provide support for the thesis. Why do you think this way, and what evidence do you have to support those beliefs? The paragraphs should flow from one to the next like a constant stream of thought. Each paragraph should conclude the statement made at the beginning of the paragraph. This is the same effect as a moviegoer looking at his phone in a theater. Even if the phone makes no noise, the light from the screen is enough to catch someone’s attention. The essay covered everything we wanted to without the need for extra words. If the prompt asked for at least 500 words, we would add another sentence to support one of the paragraphs. Since that was not a requirement though, we kept the essay as-is to avoid sounding wordy or repetitive. You can use the feedback to improve the essay before submitting it. Give yourself at least two full days to write the essay. You can use the first day to write a draft and do some minor editing. Then on the second day, you can look at the essay with fresh eyes to do your final edits. We might get compensated for example for mentioning partners, by you, the user, making a clicking, purchasing, or signing up for a product or service through a tracking link. In no way are we responsible for the accuracy, relevance, timeliness, or completeness of any information on these external websites. Always think about your audience when writing a scholarship essay. You will use the rest of the essay to support this thesis. You should approach all essays with the same mentality, regardless of their length. Your goal is to compose a piece that clearly guides the reader through your thoughts and reasoning. You may have to adjust how you convey those thoughts based on the length. We assume no responsibility for errors or mistakes. We reserve the right to make deletions, additions, or modifications to the content at any given time without prior notice. In some cases we may be compensated on an affiliate basis when users take certain actions. In order to comply with FTC guidelines we want to be transparent that ScholarshipOwl may get compensated by companies and/or partners based on an affiliate or advertiser partnership. They require students to have an understanding of what they’re talking about. They also require students to know how to express themselves clearly and concisely in writing. The information provided on this blog is for informational purposes only. It is intended to provide opinions and educational information. It is not intended as individual advice and should not be taken as substitute for professional advice. Your essay should always have a beginning, middle, and end. 4-6 body paragraphs that provide evidence to back up your thesis. Each paragraph should be a cohesive element with an intro and conclusion.

How To Write A 4

How To Write A 4 So don't wait until the very end of the essay to reveal the main point that you're trying to communicate. Although it seems like an obvious point, I've read many essays where student simply don't answer the question. They'll talk about lots of things that relate to the question but they don't actually give you an answer to the question. So if the title is in the form of a question, make sure you answer the question. Best students opt-in for a custom essay and enjoy the free evening as well as a positive mark. Score 75% and above stress-free with the help of Essay-Company. We cover Humanities, Science, MBA, Nursing, Management, and 30 more subjects. Our relationship with you does not end with an essay submission. When we deliver essays, we ensure they’re up to the mark and most importantly, 100% original. There’s always an expert online in your discipline ready to start on the order at once. So, when you say, “I’m paying people to write my essay, will it be original? ”, you can rest assured that with Writers Per Hour, original is the only option. Plagiarism has serious consequences and we at Writers Per Hour fully understand that. At EssayTigers, we take care not only of your papers but also of the security of your personal data. All connections are protected by SSL certificate, and all information stored on our servers is encrypted. All of papers you get at Essay-company.com are meant for research purposes only. Essay-company always pairs me with a professional, subject-relevant writer. Order as many assignments as you need to finally have a good night’s rest. But what I'm going to give you today are some helpful guidelines which I hope will be useful to you as you set about the task of writing an essay. This guide offers detailed information on breaking down the essay question and writing a well reasoned and well researched essay. A brief guide for Criminology & Justice students to planning an essay. We’ll do each and every task timely and up to par. No burning deadlines, no tight schedules, no headaches. Have a good night’s sleep today, tomorrow, every day. Evaluate the quality of our papers in various disciplines and academic levels. We are the most organic writing service out there. What this video to find out how to create the basic structure that all essays share. Linking words are very useful in creating cohesion and 'flow' in your writing. Without them, your assignment will read like a series of sentences that do not flow or present a logical argument. So, the answer to your question is yes, we can write you an essay fast and not any essay, a well-written one. If you say, “write my essay in 1,2,3 or 6 hours”, we will get it done. Whether you need it tonight or tomorrow, all you need to do is tell us and we will work diligently to get your essay delivered to you right on time.

Write My Essay, Please!

Write My Essay, Please! The length of sections should be proportionate to the size of your essay. So a 1 page introduction to a 5 page essay is too much. State the most valuable and impactful point just after the introductory paragraph. Organize and develop the various aspects and points of the essay in a logical sequence. Identify some of the future areas for research that your paper opens up. For more information, check out thishandouton developing a logical argument. The most important thing to remember after selecting your preferred citation style is that in-text citation must match the work cited list. Citation style also has to be consistent throughout the paper (i.e. you cannot go from APA to MLA). State the central idea of the topic in a concise way. The first line of the paragraph should be able to capture the attention of the examiner in the first reading. If formatting instructions are not provided by you, the customer, then our standard formatting style of MLA, 12pt Times New Roman with double spacing and 1-inch margin will be used. Additionally, you must know that the paper you purchase from handmadewriting.com is your exclusive property, and you and only you have an access to it. The main thing to understand while asking yourself whether our service is legal is to give yourself an answer whether learning is legal. Finally, check your essay for any spelling mistakes, grammatical errors, relevancy or other editing. Examine your essay from a reader’s perspective and make changes accordingly. You can give suggestions, state limitations and scope of your approach in the concluding paragraph. Try to conclude the main points in a different way than stated in the body of the essay. Make sure that you do not deviate from the central idea and theme of the topic. If a revision is required, please ask for one without pressing the ACCEPT button. Only if and when the paper meets your approval and you want the MS Word version of the finished paper can you then press the ACCEPT button. It is essential that you carefully review the preview version and provide necessary comments for revision if you are not satisfied with the paper. The preview version is a watermarked image of your completed paper. On completion of your project, you will be notified via email and/or phone. You will be required to log into your account at HandMadeWriting.com to accept the preview version of your paper in order to receive a completed copy. Our paper presentation formats include Chicago, Harvard, APA, and MLA referencing styles. If you use sourcing engines to make your references, always double check their accuracy. If you are found guilty of plagiarism you can fail the assignment or the class, or be suspended or expelled from university. It could even affect your chances of getting into a grad program, as it remains on your record, and you are required to give an explanation as to what happened . You shouldn’t take the risk of being caught of plagiarism and you should give other academics due credit for their work. When the assignment says between 6-8 pages, it is better to do 8 than 6. When you have such limited number of pages, you need space to develop your argument. However, don’t just ramble on and on, repeating the same arguments in different ways to fill-up space.

Essay Writing

Essay Writing guments against cell phone control typically focus on safety concerns. We do all the work, and you reap all the rewards. Save time and concentrate on what's really important to you. After you are satisfied with your essay, copy it from your word processing application and paste it into the online application essay text box. Do not double space your essay or it will not fit into the online application essay text box. Prepare your essay for each scholarship in a word processing application before beginning the online application process. You can ask for a free revision if you want to change anything in it. Our friendly support team welcomes you at any time of the day and night. All SDSU scholarships available through SDSU Scholarship Search require that you submit an essay online. When you’ve finished, leave the essay for a day or two, and then re-read it. This is an important activity that helps in shaping your brain to think in English. As the communication in English increases in the day to day life, the brain automatically starts thinking in English rather than our local language. The ability to think in English allows organizing your thoughts and getting new ideas faster. All our works have one thing in common - the highest quality. We work hard to deliver you only the best papers. There is a thesis about the central themes of a discussed work in it. If you are satisfied with the paper, you can approve the order and download the final version in one of the available file formats. When the paper is ready, you will receive notification and will be able to review it. do researchand find secondary sources such as scholarly articles or online reviews by experts to understand the original piece better. Collect all the necessary references you might later need to give credit in your critical essay. Secondly, if you’re working from books or downloadable articles, can you afford to work somewhere without the internet? The absence of Facebook and Instagram will guarantee your concentration will be about a hundred times better, which will show in the quality of your work. Also, you need to ensure that all the distinctive parts of your article fit together as a coherent and cohesive whole. Additionally, you need to ensure that the transition from an argument to the next flows in a smooth and systematic manner. Ensure you notify the audience of the reasons for your transitioning from an argument to the next and why you ae following that specific order. And you understand how to share ideas with others so they’d listen and support you. When expressing your opinion, do it third-person and back it up with evidence. This way, you’ll avoid making lots of silly mistakes that threaten the clarity and flow of your essay. N.B. Your critical engagement with the scholars and authors whose work you’ve read will count for a huge chunk of marks. This does not mean listing a load of names and rehearsing their arguments; nor does it mean disagreeing with everyone for the sake of it. Instead, think about whether or not what they’re arguing holds true in your experience â€" or compare them to each other.

Writing Tips « Writers Workshop

Writing Tips « Writers Workshop Once you feel you have covered what you want to cover, read through again to make sure that the organization and development are logical. One strategy for doing this is to note in the margin in a few words the point of each paragraph. Take those brief phrases and look at them to see whether they follow logically or require reorganizing. Make any appropriate changes to your organization and development. Correct grammatical mistakes, check to see that you have answered all parts of the question. Purdue OWL --This site offers information on nearly all aspects of student writing. Read what you have written, make margin notes on the purpose of each paragraph, and then take these notes and arrange and rearrange as needed. It is a lot easier to rethink the organization when you are looking at brief notations than when you are looking at the entire text. After you have rearranged your notations, you can cut and paste your document to match the new outline. By this time, you will have received feedback on your first draft, which you need to review carefully. It should include your name and course; the title of the assignment and any references; the lecturer it is for etc. Check with your department for clear information. ', their extracted main points should look very similar to the main points that you had in your plan. So that would be a good sign that you've accomplished what you wanted to accomplish in the essay. So find someone, maybe a friend that you can bribe to read your essay, maybe a family member, long suffering flat mates - whoever you can. And even if the essay title isn't in the form of a question, make sure that you have something clear that you want to say. Don't just talk in general terms about the subject area. Make sure you have a clear point that you want to communicate in your essay. Hello, my name is Robin Banerjee and I'm a senior lecturer in the Department of Psychology at the University of Sussex. I teach many first year, second year and third year students so if you come into the Psychology department I'm sure I'll see lots of you while you're here. Or maybe your teacher is assigning an essay question for your final assignment. We'll rewrite your paper for free or you'll get a refund. We don't disclose clients' information to third parties and all our papers are written from scratch. Your paper will be reviewed by an editor before you get it. Our goal is to make it the best one stop shop for teachers and students to learn the basics of teaching English. ● Transition words and phrases such as alternatively, consequently, in contrast should be used to give flow and provide a bridge between paragraphs. All of papers you get at Royalessays.co.uk are meant for research purposes only. We don’t ask customers for their private information. Be on equal terms with the best students in the class. Through a thorough screening process, we’ve established an extensive network of researchers to ensure we work with the best experts in every field. We continuously invest in training and monitoring our candidates, so you know you work with the best. You have a big test coming up, and you know it’s going to include an essay question that will account for a large percentage of your grade for the semester. Get someone else to read the essay and to try and extract the main points. Once you've got that sequence of key points expressed in complete sentences you should have a pretty good summary of your essay. And that should be able to stand alone as an answer to your essay question. And actually that's not a very good plan, because when you go down to write something you don't know what you're going to say. You know what you're going to talk about, but you don't know what you're going to say about it. Information is sent and received using the latest data transmission and storage technologies. Choose any billing service supported and make a payment without hesitation. From a 5-paragraph essay to a 100-page dissertation, we’ve got you covered. Look for patterns in the responses or questions that are raised by readers. You also need to reread your first draft with a fresh eye, as though you were reading it for the first time. You will have to support your argument with evidence, and this may involve memorizing some key events, or the names of theorists, etc. This site is maintained by Zachary M. Schrag, Professor of History at George Mason University. This material was formerly posted at and was moved to this domain in the summer of 2010. The views expressed here are my own and may not reflect those of George Mason University.

Essay Examples

Essay Examples Those, who come to our service, know that they can rely on the specialists of choice. The writers have been thoroughly checked in order to find out whether they meet the standards of the company. I had my doubts when I first filled in the order form. After all, we are often told that you can never get a top paper for sale. Also, get rid of those topics that are too challenging or that you're just not that interested in. Pretty soon you will have whittled your list down to just a few topics and then you can make a final choice. Argumentative - These type of essays, also known as persuasive essays, make a specific claim about a topic and then provide evidence and arguments to support the claim. The claim set forth in argumentative essays may be an opinion, an evaluation, an interpretation, cause-effect statement or a policy proposal. The purpose of argumentative essays is to convince or persuade the reader that a claim is valid. The experts, working at our company, hold degrees in relevant fields of knowledge. They know how to use various citation styles and have passed numerous tests to prove their ability. Now, they are doing their best to earn the approval of students. A writer might describe a person, place, object, or even memory of special significance. However, this type of essay is not description for description’s sake. The descriptive essay strives to communicate a deeper meaning through the description. In a descriptive essay, the writer should show, not tell, through the use of colorful words and sensory details. The writer convinced me that the paper is going to be 100% original, so I decided not to waste time. The body of the essay consists of a number of paragraphs in which you present your main points and evidence to support them. If you have planned and prepared appropriately, writing the body of the essay should be fairly easy. Don't worry or agonize over organization at this point, just create a moderately organized format for your information. Once you have defined the purpose of your essay, it's time to brainstorm. Take some time to consider, contrast and weight your options. Get out a piece of paper and make a list of all the different topics that fit the purpose of your essay. Once they're all down on paper, start by eliminating those topics that are difficult or not as relevant as others topics. The best descriptive essays appeal to the reader’s emotions, with a result that is highly evocative. Essays should be presented word processed as directed on A4 paper. Slang and jargon should not be used and long, rambling sentences should be avoided. A good dictionary is the writer’s friend â€" spell checks cannot always be relied on. It will almost be a case of expanding what you have in note form into complete sentences, adding specific details where necessary. Essays are a common form of assessment in many tertiary-level disciplines. The ability to construct good essays involves understanding the process and the conventions of essay writing. Your grammar (sentence structure, use of vocabulary…) should be considered carefully, as should punctuation. Together with research and planning, these areas make an impression on the reader. Some assignments, and most examination answers, will be required to be presented in the form of an essay. The thesis is a succinct statement of your overall argument. If you introduction is multiple paragraphs long you have more flexibility where you place the thesis. Although we strive to write essay tasks on time, you may require a review of the paper as we download the document. The customers, who wish to change the structure of the text, are entitled to get a free revision. This is a bulletproof way to make the clients come back for more. The more experience you get in writing essays, the more comfortable you will become with this genre. While like an expository essay in its presentation of facts, the goal of the persuasive essay is to convince the reader to accept the writer’s point of view or recommendation. The writer must build a case using facts and logic, as well as examples, expert opinion, and sound reasoning. The writer should present all sides of the argument, but must be able to communicate clearly and without equivocation why a certain position is correct. A cousin of the narrative essay, a descriptive essay paints a picture with words.

What Are The 5 Parts Of An Essay?

What Are The 5 Parts Of An Essay? Notice the key words which in this case they are ‘academic learning and literacy centres’. Also notice these key words ‘ the most effective approach’. Regardless of the topic or the task, it is very important to understand and analyse the assignment question before embarking on any assignment writing exercise. A clear interpretation of the question and a well-structured plan are essential. The following learning guide on source credibility will help you to determine whether an external source is academic or not. When you are writing an essay you will need to include references to external academic sources. The thesis and scope are sometimes combined to form one or more sentences known as a thesis statement. Let’s imagine then, that we have spent some time and worked on our first draft of our essay and have written the introduction to the essay question. We can analyse the text in our sample introduction and look at the elements it needs to contain. Please refer to the assignment question on the right hand side of the screen. The conclusion reminds your reader of the main points made in your essay and leaves your reader with a final impression and ideas to think about later. It might seem strange to think about writing your conclusion before you write the body of your essay, but unless you know where you are going you can easily lose direction. Also, the conclusion is the last thing the reader actually reads, so it needs to be memorable. If you feel that you need more help in writing an assignment - then you can get free help at the HELPS unit. We’re located in building 1 level 3 room 8, just across from the Concourse café and the Careers Office. Notice that further into this paragraph, signposting language is used to designate the structure of the essay, for example phrases such as “the first, second and last section”. Notice too that even a preview into the conclusion is mentioned here. This outline of your essay will set up a sort of contract with your reader, explaining what you will deliver to them in the body of your essay. The introduction includes the background to the essay, the important issues and a thesis statement. The introduction leads your reader into the essay. The thesis statement often comes at the end of the introduction, although it can be written earlier. Topic sentenceThe topic sentence can function as a sentence of transition from the previous paragraph. The conclusion should not just repeat the ideas from the introduction. This is the third paragraph of our introduction which contains a preview of the essay. This functions as kind of map to navigate the reader. We can tell that this is a preview from the use of key words such as “this essay will focus on”. This may involve discussing your questions, needs and concerns with your tutor, lecturer or subject coordinator to clarify the assignment question or by speaking to a HELPS Advisor. Naturally, you will need to do some background reading to consolidate your ideas before your start planning your essay. We will try to make it clearer for you by actually using a sample introduction that was written for a real-life academic essay. Please feel free to come and visit us and chat to an Advisor about receiving academic language support to complete your assesements. A concluding sentence that restates your point, analyses the evidence or acts as a transition to the next paragraph represents effective writing. In a previous online tutorial video we introduced you to a real-life assignment question and talked about how to structure the introduction and conclusion to an essay. Today we are going to have a look at the structure of a body paragraph â€" these paragraphs make up the most substantial part of an essay, report or case study. HELPS is dedicated to providing English language and academic literacy support to UTS undergraduate and postgraduate coursework students via free con-credit programs and services. You are the principal storyteller, the internal voice of the writer, leading the reader through to your conclusion. Try and achieve a balance between both types of in text-references in your essay writing. Normally, when writing an essay at university you will be expected to use only academic sources.

How To Write A Well

How To Write A Well Although this course is not directly related to specific tests or exams, it will prepare learners for any test that requires clear and concise writing. Ron takes a very relaxed approach, providing students with all the tools they need to excel. The assignments allow the students to take a proactive approach to applying the knowledge they have gained. Students wishing to improve their writing skills will definitely benefit from this course. Since your essay will be processed electronically, use the spell checker! But don’t rely on it exclusivelyâ€"proofread your essay carefully as well. Although there is no strict convention on layout, do consider how the essay looks on the page. Several studies have shown that presentation does have a subconscious effect on markers, even when they’re not explicitly marking on that criterion. I have presented video lessons for various organizations and groups and taught individual lessons to students from around the world - often setting up programs specific to their needs. The number of points that you make will depend on the word count (1500 words, 4-5 paragraphs). Secondly identify and highlight the instructional words. E.g. is the essay asking you to compare, justify, argue, discuss etc. Also underline the key words/ideas that have been used like workplace diversity, communication etc. First check the meaning of words in the question. You may feel that a diagram could help illustrate a point. This has the added effect of breaking up large chunks of text that can be subconsciously off-putting to the reader. But beware the added complexities involved in formatting your document or the added time required to add a diagram by hand. Some versions of the software available on public machines produce graphics that cannot be printed from other machines. Give yourself time to test for potential glitches of this sort. You should only use a quotation when you are unable to say something better, not just because you can’t be bothered to summarize a point of view! For example, if an author has summed up their argument in one pithy phrase, then it might be worth repeating. Poor spelling, reasonably or not, gives the impression of carelessness and laziness. A poor student with high SAT scores is less likely to finish college than a student with lower scores who happens to be in a higher income bracket. Squirrell advises reading the introduction and conclusion and a relevant chapter but no more. “Otherwise you won’t actually get anything out of it because you’re trying to plough your way through a 300-page monograph,” he says. The sad fact is that low-income students are significantly less likely to graduate from college than their wealthier counterparts. What’s even more discouraging is that intelligence and achievement don’t seem to help. Use a dictionary if there are any words that you are unfamiliar with. Unless you are told otherwise by the course instructor, use the Departmental conventions. We’ll get the nitty-gritty stuff out of the way first. If you search our website, you will find lots of content. There are pages with information about our services , lots of policy pages , and our order page. Furthermore, since we are study nerds, our site has a lot of great content that we are sure you will find interesting. Sadly, it is often the students who can benefit most from higher education who also struggle the most.

8 Tips For Writing An Excellent Essay

8 Tips For Writing An Excellent Essay If you will be penning a general overview, you can probably scamper off to number two now. As instructors, we also have to give up some control over our assignments. For a truly student-centered process to work, we can’t ask leading questions or make decisions for our students. What do you want to do â€" persuade, inform, instruct? If you intend to educate your audience, you had better choose a topic on which you are well informed. Is there a prevalent belief in your family or community with which you disagree? Tell the story of an argumentâ€"cordial or notâ€"that you’ve had with someone about this issue. Tell the story of a time you are proud of how you handled conflict in relation to this disagreement. It can be one you've already written, one that responds to a different prompt, or one of your own design. In order to get into your dream school, you’ll need not only great grades and test scores but also a strong personal statement. Even if you have collected a lot of material, you may face difficulties. Keep in mind the goal of the essay and the benefit you want to come of it. Connect with other students who are writing on the same subject. We all know the internet is a massive source of information. Wading through all the nonsense is sometimes quite daunting. And when you want to hurry up and get this writing assignment done, you don’t want to waste time on unreliable sources. If the topic has not been assigned, think about the purpose of the essay. The college application process has a logic to itâ€"and it’s one you, the applicant, can both navigate and trust. All those essays, all those forms, all those questions? They’re about getting you in touch with the most authentic and vibrant version of yourself. For some, it’s easier to concentrate in the morning, while others do their best work at night. Some prefer to hand write the first draft on the paper, while for others, typing is easier. Before writing the first draft, decide what ideas you would like to reveal and match them with the information you’ve collected. You may need to do further research before sitting down to write the first draft. Sometimes, the hardest part of the process is to pick the topic and start writing . Most college students turn their attention to the letter grade or percentage score. Many students end the review process at this point. Pay special attention to grammar and punctuation. Your Personal Statement is the single loudest ‘qualitative’ element of your application. It’s the way you communicate with the admissions committee as a person and as a potential member of the campus community. With more people applying to colleges every year, admissions officers know they can have their pick of bright and motivated students. In addition to seeing your talents and achievements on paper, they need a chance to imagine what you might be like as a walking, talking human being. If you are trying to persuade the readers, you’ll need to have at least a little enthusiasm for the subject. If you are writing a specific analysis, make sure your topic is…specific. If you have started with something too broad, narrow it down to a manageable subtopic. Determine which type of essay you are supposed to be writing. Will you be composing a general overview or a specific analysis? Summary â€" Offer a few sentences to introduce your topic. Start with the general ideas and gently lead to a more specific point. A thesis statement has two parts; the first part states the topic and the second part states the point. The thesis statement tells the readers what the essay will be about. It will also give readers an idea as to what position you are taking.

Essay Writing Guide For Psychology Students

Essay Writing Guide For Psychology Students Do you want to know how good our writers are at overcoming essay challenges? Here's a satisfaction rate graph that will answer your questions. The topic is so dull I decided not to get into too many details and ask a professional writer for help. Is there any way you can combine them and create an interesting topic for discussion? We encourage you not to go for those trivial topic ideas you can find on the web. They are boring and have nothing to do with your unique personality. Try to make the topic about your own expression and feelings. With that being said, keep in mind the rigid structure of an academic essay and do not forget to follow the guidelines. In case you are at a loss and don't know what to do, you can always turn to our support team. The first step of the preparation process is to start collecting arguments. Do not focus only on the arguments that support your viewpoint. Additionally, you need to use reputable sources that provide you with up-to-date information. So, if you ever need a helping hand, just let us know. It is sometimes more convenient to cooperate with the writer you know than use the services of the expert you have not worked with before. You have the option of choosing a specific writer if this is not your first order at our service. If you are a new client, you can choose from several categories of experts and let our team pick the most suitable one to process your order. The ones you receive from your teacher and the ones that are common for academic writing. If you do this part properly, you are half-way there. To score high, we recommend you to add a creative touch to your writing. It means that you need to come up with a fresh point of view on the discussed issue or at least use an unexpected approach to exploring it. The outline of your future masterpiece is a crucial part of an effective writing process. It is one of the possible instruments for making your content structured and easy to understand. The ones that are against it will come in hand as well. Moreover, they can make you change the point of view you already have. Do not hurry and think carefully about the side you want to pick. You want to be sure of the thinks you are going to be writing about in your essay. Think about the topics you are interested in and how they relate to the subject of your class. It is packed with information and yet has a creative touch. I did not expect anything this good from an average writing service. The prices are affordable and the quality of writing is inspiring. I'm so glad I managed to turn in my essay by the deadline! Once you've coped with this part of an assignment, you can breathe out and relax. If you want to score high on your essay and avoid numerous revisions upon the request of your teacher, you need to follow the instructions very carefully. The important point to remember is that you are not writing it for your teacher. An outline makes your assignment easier in that you don't need to worry about the sequence of your arguments. It is also a guarantee that there will be no point that you forget to include in an essay. The company can set lower prices if it can provide a regular workflow to its writers. You are given access to your essay writer online and are able to make direct contact. Your writer will investigate the topic to make sure not a single aspect of it is left out. We hand-pick the world’s best writers so that your essay is worthy of a top-performing student.

Essay Writing Service From Top

Essay Writing Service From Top The number of pages you write depends on several factors. These elements include the average length of your words and whether your page is single- or double-spaced. But there are other aspects of your writing that you should consider when writing 1,000 words, such as font style, font size, and margins. If you're asked to submit a paper with single spacing, you will be writing two-and-a-half pages. 1,000 words in direct speech would therefore mean you’d write way more than the five or ten paragraphs our initial guideline suggested. I am a medical student, and I have to write an essay about cancer. I fucked up by leaving it to the last minute, but the time required to research the content spans a couple of weeks. This is genuinely brilliant I have been in this situation a few times and this is exactly the best process I wish I had seen this as an undergraduate. I think actual writing time is a bit optimistic in truth it would be an all-nighter and I have always worked better with less food. If you're using 1.5 spacing, it would be around three pages. I don’t think the number of paragraphs really matters as long as you reach the assigned word count. Just write more if you are short of your count, or less if you’re over it. Our writers will need at least three hours to complete it. Check writers’ ratings, experience and awards to select the most proficient expert for yourself. Stay in touch with the writer and control the working process from start to finish. Deposit funds into your EssayShark balance so that a writer can work on your order. Start receiving proposals from our writers within minutes and chat with them live. Check for grammar errors, misspellings and punctuation errors. It is a good idea to resort to a professional who can notice every little mistake in a paper. It is made up of series of supporting paragraphs. If you can’t organize your work into paragraphs consisting of related thoughts, you may be jumping around too much. It’s a lot less cumbersome to skip a mention of the speaker than to add “said Mary” and “John said” after every direct quote. So theoretically, you can have a paragraph consisting of one word plus punctuation marks. Their opinions will have an impact on defining your essay. Copy the schedule above and paste it somewhere you can see it. For example, on your mirror or on the wall close to your table. Stick to the time allocated to each process and focus on turning off all forms of distraction when you work. A belly full of porridge would send me back to bed but I'm a hefty bloke and missing a meal wont kill me. But, as we touched on earlier, not everyone can get their ideas written down and do it eloquently all in one go. If this is you, then take this time to refine what you've produced and make sure it gets full marks for written communication. Start your research from the ‘easiest’ sources, then pass to the ‘hardest’ sources. For example, start by interviewing and discussing your topic with your lecturers, colleagues and friends. Depending on the font size and line spacing, a five page paper is likely to have about 5-8 supporting paragraphs. Make paragraphs for each point and make sure you put the best points forward. Titles are usually short summaries of the thesis statement. You can decide to ignore information according to timeline. For example, you can consider articles that are more than ten years behind, five years behind or according to your desired timeline. You can ignore information that doesn't strengthen the aim of your topic. You can consider information that may raise answerable questions.

Essay Writing Service From Top

Essay Writing Service From Top The number of pages you write depends on several factors. These elements include the average length of your words and whether your page is single- or double-spaced. But there are other aspects of your writing that you should consider when writing 1,000 words, such as font style, font size, and margins. If you're asked to submit a paper with single spacing, you will be writing two-and-a-half pages. 1,000 words in direct speech would therefore mean you’d write way more than the five or ten paragraphs our initial guideline suggested. I am a medical student, and I have to write an essay about cancer. I fucked up by leaving it to the last minute, but the time required to research the content spans a couple of weeks. This is genuinely brilliant I have been in this situation a few times and this is exactly the best process I wish I had seen this as an undergraduate. I think actual writing time is a bit optimistic in truth it would be an all-nighter and I have always worked better with less food. If you're using 1.5 spacing, it would be around three pages. I don’t think the number of paragraphs really matters as long as you reach the assigned word count. Just write more if you are short of your count, or less if you’re over it. Our writers will need at least three hours to complete it. Check writers’ ratings, experience and awards to select the most proficient expert for yourself. Stay in touch with the writer and control the working process from start to finish. Deposit funds into your EssayShark balance so that a writer can work on your order. Start receiving proposals from our writers within minutes and chat with them live. Check for grammar errors, misspellings and punctuation errors. It is a good idea to resort to a professional who can notice every little mistake in a paper. It is made up of series of supporting paragraphs. If you can’t organize your work into paragraphs consisting of related thoughts, you may be jumping around too much. It’s a lot less cumbersome to skip a mention of the speaker than to add “said Mary” and “John said” after every direct quote. So theoretically, you can have a paragraph consisting of one word plus punctuation marks. Their opinions will have an impact on defining your essay. Copy the schedule above and paste it somewhere you can see it. For example, on your mirror or on the wall close to your table. Stick to the time allocated to each process and focus on turning off all forms of distraction when you work. A belly full of porridge would send me back to bed but I'm a hefty bloke and missing a meal wont kill me. But, as we touched on earlier, not everyone can get their ideas written down and do it eloquently all in one go. If this is you, then take this time to refine what you've produced and make sure it gets full marks for written communication. Start your research from the ‘easiest’ sources, then pass to the ‘hardest’ sources. For example, start by interviewing and discussing your topic with your lecturers, colleagues and friends. Depending on the font size and line spacing, a five page paper is likely to have about 5-8 supporting paragraphs. Make paragraphs for each point and make sure you put the best points forward. Titles are usually short summaries of the thesis statement. You can decide to ignore information according to timeline. For example, you can consider articles that are more than ten years behind, five years behind or according to your desired timeline. You can ignore information that doesn't strengthen the aim of your topic. You can consider information that may raise answerable questions.

Introduction

Introduction I have a paper with ~2800 words and it is 3 lines past the 4th page. Aye how many words do I have to put if I’m typing a 14 page essay. Make things wordier in order to hit your word limit. However long you're taking, you should still check that your essay flows nicely. You should change them so they are more accurate for people who use longer vocabulary words. Do you know what fonts have the widest spacing so that they fill up the page more quickly? I need to find a wide font so I don’t have to write as many words to fill up the pages on my assignment. If you can send me in the direction of the best wide font to do this, that would be great. If I’m assigned a paper and it has to be a minimum number of words, I worry about hitting that number. I have a writing assignment in school, and it is always helpful to know how many pages I will need. I think that since teachers don’t give page assignments but only word count assignments, it’s difficult to imagine how many pages that will be. I write longer words than most, so most of my pages have less words than the estimates on this page. Depending on the genre of book you are writing, word count can be critical in whether or not your writing can actually be published. Publishers like certain genres to be within certain word counts, so any author who hopes to be published has to create their works within these counts. What am I supposed to do if I write 1000 words, but it doesn’t make the number of pages I want? We've allowed 3 hours and 45 minutes for editing your essay, which might sound a bit excessive â€" and, for some of you, it definitely will be. Pick out a single point in your argument that you feel hasn't been fully built upon, and head back to your research. I only need to write 250 words and you don’t have how many pages that is on your list. If you are given a writing assignment with a page number, the best thing to do is go directly to the person who made the assignment and ask for a word count. I don’t think I should have to write more words just because mine happen to be shorter than my classmates. We both wrote the same number of words, his are just longer so it takes up more pages. That means people who write long words have an advantage even though long words aren’t always good to use. Just because an estimate won’t be exactly right doesn’t mean it isn’t useful. For those who are looking for a basic rough idea, this is helpful. Just written out my plan for my essay on the political implications of the Italian Renaissance- Really don't want to start but I have a plan now and feel more motivated. Finally, ensure that all the points you wanted to explore are on paper and explained fully. I agree that there are a lot of people who are overly concerned with word count, but there are legitimate reasons to keep it in mind as well. If it’s not something important to you and your writing, you can ignore it. Some of us get marked down points if we do not hit a certain word count or page count. This will take away all the variations and help ensure your writing assignment meets expectations. If it’s for something informal and you simply need a general guideline, you can find it below.

Integrating Writing

Integrating Writing It’s important because it can add some volume to your essay and increase the impact of your words. Also, by arguing for the opposite side of your opinion, you will learn which points you need to better address in your essay. This approach is far mare exciting because it shows that you have a definite point of view, and are prepared to argue it. It shows an examiner that you have planned your essay, know what you are going to say and in all probability will support it with good evidence. Write an answer to the question in just one or two sentences â€" this can form the basis your thesis statement or argument. Use the Deakin Assignment Planner to get a better idea of the time required to complete your essay. Use your life experience and try to bring your vision of the issue. Write down the best ideas and some statements on that point. essay writing service can claim that the copy achieves its goal if its author has managed to express a personal opinion. Moreover, this type of copy is not similar to a report. I have owned and operated L.T.L. Tutoring Central since 1996, providing private tutoring services to students of all ages and skill levels. This kind of introduction will grip readers, impress them and make them want to know more. Summarise your argument and draw on some of the main points discussed in the body of the essay, but not in too much detail. Each main point should be relevant to your essay question or thesis statement. This is the main point of your paragraph and everything within this paragraph should relate back to it. If writing an essay sounds a little bit scary, just think of it as a chance to improve your writing skills. Each main point that you make needs to be linked back to the introduction and the thesis statement. Not everyone can do this but, as long as you follow some of the guidelines above, you will avoid shooting yourself in the foot before you have even begun. Another approach is actually to state your answer in the introduction and then go on to prove your case in the essay. It is a kind of information flow, which combines philosophical thoughts and personal feelings of the author. However, despite relative freedom to write in this genre, an essay is not easy work, because it requires original ideas and a non-standard view on the issue. An essay does not claim to be a definitive or exhaustive interpretation of the topic. You will learn more about the topic, and you will gain more vocabulary words to enrich the essay. A strong essay is one that covers a lot of content in a succinct (short, to-the-point) way. This process of acting like a reporter will give you valuable quotes, resources and vocabulary to begin the writing process. Once you have a thesis, think about your main topic and find words that relate to it in different ways. Then, branch out your list to words that aren’t as closely related to your main topic. You also be required to devise your argument which is commonly referred to as the thesis statement. The introduction is usually one paragraph 15% of total word length (don't get caught up on numbers). The introduction sets up the essay by presenting background information related to the essay question. The general focus on the introduction will then become more focussed on the essay question. You will then need to find some research based on the topic which can include text books, journal articles, conference papers etc. Firstly we explore the planning and preparation required to write a standard essay and then outline the basic essay structure. The time you will spend on thinking is up to you.

Integrating Writing

Integrating Writing It’s important because it can add some volume to your essay and increase the impact of your words. Also, by arguing for the opposite side of your opinion, you will learn which points you need to better address in your essay. This approach is far mare exciting because it shows that you have a definite point of view, and are prepared to argue it. It shows an examiner that you have planned your essay, know what you are going to say and in all probability will support it with good evidence. Write an answer to the question in just one or two sentences â€" this can form the basis your thesis statement or argument. Use the Deakin Assignment Planner to get a better idea of the time required to complete your essay. Use your life experience and try to bring your vision of the issue. Write down the best ideas and some statements on that point. essay writing service can claim that the copy achieves its goal if its author has managed to express a personal opinion. Moreover, this type of copy is not similar to a report. I have owned and operated L.T.L. Tutoring Central since 1996, providing private tutoring services to students of all ages and skill levels. This kind of introduction will grip readers, impress them and make them want to know more. Summarise your argument and draw on some of the main points discussed in the body of the essay, but not in too much detail. Each main point should be relevant to your essay question or thesis statement. This is the main point of your paragraph and everything within this paragraph should relate back to it. If writing an essay sounds a little bit scary, just think of it as a chance to improve your writing skills. Each main point that you make needs to be linked back to the introduction and the thesis statement. Not everyone can do this but, as long as you follow some of the guidelines above, you will avoid shooting yourself in the foot before you have even begun. Another approach is actually to state your answer in the introduction and then go on to prove your case in the essay. It is a kind of information flow, which combines philosophical thoughts and personal feelings of the author. However, despite relative freedom to write in this genre, an essay is not easy work, because it requires original ideas and a non-standard view on the issue. An essay does not claim to be a definitive or exhaustive interpretation of the topic. You will learn more about the topic, and you will gain more vocabulary words to enrich the essay. A strong essay is one that covers a lot of content in a succinct (short, to-the-point) way. This process of acting like a reporter will give you valuable quotes, resources and vocabulary to begin the writing process. Once you have a thesis, think about your main topic and find words that relate to it in different ways. Then, branch out your list to words that aren’t as closely related to your main topic. You also be required to devise your argument which is commonly referred to as the thesis statement. The introduction is usually one paragraph 15% of total word length (don't get caught up on numbers). The introduction sets up the essay by presenting background information related to the essay question. The general focus on the introduction will then become more focussed on the essay question. You will then need to find some research based on the topic which can include text books, journal articles, conference papers etc. Firstly we explore the planning and preparation required to write a standard essay and then outline the basic essay structure. The time you will spend on thinking is up to you.

How To Improve Your Essay Writing Quickly

How To Improve Your Essay Writing Quickly Give yourself the freedom to write as if you’re circling around your topic rather than making a single, straightforward argument. Then, when you edit, you can make sure everything lines up correctly. Essays are a common form of assessment in many tertiary-level disciplines. The ability to construct good essays involves understanding the process and the conventions of essay writing. If you make your argument hard to follow, so that they need to re-read a paragraph to try to make sense of what you have written, you will cause irritation, and make their job slower. Realistically, it is possible that they may even decide not to make that effort. It is your task to present your argument in a way that your audience can follow; it is not your audience’s job to launch an investigation to detect the points you are trying to make. Underpinning the structure will be the ‘argument’ your essay is making. Again this may be strong and obvious, or it may be almost invisible, but it needs to be there. In different subject areas, and with different styles of writing, the term ‘argument’ may seem more or less relevant. Now, they are doing their best to earn the approval of students. Those, who come to our service, know that they can rely on the specialists of choice. The writers have been thoroughly checked in order to find out whether they meet the standards of the company. However, even in those essays that appear to be highly creative, unscientific, or personal, an argument of some kind is being made. To start you off, and to minimise the likelihood of writer’s block, a useful exercise is to do a ‘brainstorm’ of all your ideas in connection with the essay title. It can be a way of making a lot of progress quite quickly. I had my doubts when I first filled in the order form. After all, we are often told that you can never get a top paper for sale. The writer convinced me that the paper is going to be 100% original, so I decided not to waste time. The first paragraph of the body should put forth your strongest argument to support your thesis. Start the paragraph out by stating the supporting idea. Then follow up with additional sentences that contain supporting information, facts, evidence or examples â€" as shown in your diagram or outline. The concluding sentence should sum up what you've discussed in the paragraph. The body of your essay is where you explain, describe or argue the topic you've chosen. It will almost be a case of expanding what you have in note form into complete sentences, adding specific details where necessary. You don’t have to stay in one place and write from beginning to end. The second body paragraph will follow the same format as the first body paragraph. This paragraph should put forth your second strongest argument supporting your thesis statement. Likewise, the third and fourth body paragraphs, like the first and second, will contain your third and fourth strongest arguments supporting your thesis statement. Each paragraph will address one main idea that supports the thesis statement. The more experience you get in writing essays, the more comfortable you will become with this genre. The tutors reading and marking your essays deserve your consideration. They will be reading and marking many, many student essays. Although we strive to write essay tasks on time, you may require a review of the paper as we download the document. The customers, who wish to change the structure of the text, are entitled to get a free revision. This is a bulletproof way to make the clients come back for more. The experts, working at our company, hold degrees in relevant fields of knowledge. They know how to use various citation styles and have passed numerous tests to prove their ability.

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Essay about Malcolm X - 979 Words

Malcolm X The history of the United States has in it much separation or segregation due to race. For a long time our country has seen racism as a large problem and this has caused ethnic groups to be looked down upon or forced into a lifestyle of difficulties and suppression. Due to this, races, particularly African-Americans, have been forced to deal with unequal opportunity and poverty, leading to less honorable ways of getting by and also organizations that support change. Malcolm X is one strong example of a colored man who fell into this type of hate and acted against it, uniting people to promote the advancement of colored people and change. At a young age, Malcolm saw the ways in which blacks were seen as inferior,†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"I reflected many, many times to myself upon how the American Negro has been entirely brainwashed from ever seeing or thinking of himself, as he should, as a part of the nonwhite peoples of the world.† – Malcolm X Malcolm begins to realize that all the white people surrounding him as constantly either indirectly or directly telling him that he does not belong in their world, and they would not let him in even if he was qualified, due to his color. At this point he knows he must leave this area and leaves his foster home to live with his sister in Boston. Although Malcolm finds work, they are dead end jobs and this leads him to have to earn money in less acceptable ways such as drugs, betting, and stealing. This is how many problems occur in poor black communities today, due to the lack of choice and opportunity for advancement. Many years of this cause him danger and drug addiction until finally he ends up in jail and his transformation begins. Malcolm meets a man named Bibi and after listening to him talk begins to study many intellectually subjects. He became particularly intrigued with the ideas of a man named Elijah Muhammad. This man founded the Nation of Islam, which Malcolm joins after getting out on parole. From here, Malcolm becomes a powerful influence and believes completely in the teachings of this form of Islam.Show MoreRelatedMalcolm X2364 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿ Introduction Malcolm X is seen as quite a controversial person. His admirers see him as a courageous human rights activist who campaigned for the rights of African Americans and showed white America how racist it was. His enemies see him as a racist, anti-Semitic and violent person. Malcolm X was orphaned early in life. At the age of six his father was killed and it has been rumoured that white racists were responsible. Seven years later his mother passed away after which he lived in a seriesRead MoreMalcolm Of The Malcolm X Journey2039 Words   |  9 PagesThe Malcolm X Journey Malcolm Little was born in the mid twentieth century, these were difficult times for the black youth. As Little grew older he knew there needed to be change, he was one of the few people that was capable of making that happen for the fellow African-American and African. At a very young age Malcolm grasped the concept that there s something not right, that there needed to be an alteration and thus is where he started his studies. Malcolm needed to be outspoken he wanted toRead MoreEssay on Malcolm X962 Words   |  4 PagesMalcolm X On May 19, 1925 Malcolm Little was born to Louise and Earl Little. He was born in Omaha, Nebraska. Malcolm was the seventh of eleven children. Malcolms father, Earl, was a Baptist minister from Reynolds, Georgia. His mother was raised in Grenada in the British West Indies. His father was also became an organizer for Marcus Garveys Universal Negro Improvement Association. Marcus Garvey and his followers fought for racial separation and more power for blacks. Growing up, MalcolmsRead MoreEssay on Malcolm X1346 Words   |  6 Pagesamong all of these leaders though, Malcolm X. Although fighting for the same thing as his colleagues in the civil rights movements, he was considered by many to represent the more extreme side of the battle for equality in the United States. It is his standout views and beliefs that make Malcolm X one of the most prominent and fascinating African-American leaders in the 1950s and 60s. Malcolm X was born May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska by the name of Malcolm Little. His childhood was plaguedRead More Malcolm X Essay1409 Words   |  6 PagesMalcolm X Malcolm X, a civil rights leader in the 1960s believed that blacks and whites should be segregated. He also believed that white man was evil and were trying to brainwash all blacks and that Martin Luther Kings non-violent protests werent working and that violence was needed for change. Malcolm Xs life was a life with a lot of conflict and violence in it. Malcolm X was born under the name of Malcolm Little in Omaha, Nebraska in 1925. His father was a baptist minister and anRead MoreThe Education Of Malcolm X Essay984 Words   |  4 Pageswrite to express your feelings and communicate with others. Frederick Douglass and Malcom X both succeeded in learning how to read and write, but in different ways. The education of Malcolm X was learned more formally. Frederick Douglass learned from his surroundings and the people around him. Malcom and Frederick battled in reading and writing, but learned in similar and different ways. During the 1960s, Malcolm X was one of many articulate and powerful leaders of black America. Before he was a streetRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X1701 Words   |  7 Pagesautobiography of Malcolm X. Malcolm X was one of the most controversial Men in American history. I’m familar with the name Malcolm X however, I’m not familliar with the works and background of Malcolm X. This is why I choose to read the autobiography of Malcolm X written by himself and Alex Haley. Which gives the read an insight on his background, beliefs, and the American society then. I believe that many people including myself have misunderstood Malcolm X. I believe that Malcolm X is misunderstoodRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X791 Words   |  4 Pageslife. Malcolm X told his life story of how he overcame in his autobiography simply called The Autobiography of Malcolm X as told to Alex Haley. His life changed the world historically, socially, and especially politically by taking a stand against racism of all kinds which still exists in today’s â€Å"modern† standards. Using his personal life experience with racism towards African-Americans, Malcolm spreads the word on equality for all with a realistic tone that inspires trust in him. Malcolm X reachesRead MoreWho is Malcolm X?1087 Words   |  5 PagesMalcolm X Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska. He was the son of Louise Norton and Earl Little. He lived with 7 brothers and sisters. Malcolm’s father was an outspoken Baptist minister and on various occasions received death threats forcing his family to relocate twice before Malcolm’s fourth birthday. Malcolm’s father Earl Little, was a man of the Baptist preaching community who was a supporter of large civil right movements. Earl had many encounters withRead MoreEssay on Malcolm X1699 Words   |  7 Pages The Autobiography of Malcolm X by Alex Haley was published in 1965. It is national best seller about the life and times of Malcolm X. On May 19, 1925 Malcolm Little was born in Omaha, Nebraska. His father was a preacher who spoke out about the unity of black people. This caused several white racists to strike out against Malcolm’s father and his family violently. His family moved to Lansing, Michigan where Malcolm, his parents, brothers, and sisters were shot at, burned out of their home, harassed

Foreign Education Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Process Of Foreign Education. Answer: Proposal Education forms an important aspect of the life of the individuals and equips them with the necessary tools to perform better in the later part of their life. It is often seen that a foreign education is often seen as an added advantage to the students and therefore many of the students with necessary financial and other resources opt for the process of foreign education (Riddell and Miguel 48:23-36). However, it is often that prospects of studying abroad are very enticing yet the process which it entails is very gruesome and tiresome. The students often need to undergone a rigorous process of filling up the application forms, undergoing several interview sessions, applying for visa and others (Altbach 58:1-5). However, the benefits which a foreign-education render to the students far outweighs the problems involved in the process. Rhetorical Context The financial aspect related to the process of foreign education often deters the students who are pursuing a foreign education. However, when the benefits of the process are taken into consideration it will be seen that the process of foreign education is beneficial not only for the students pursuing the foreign education in the longer run but also to the family members of the student concerned and also to the nation to which the student belongs (Hong and Faridah). Therefore, the various governmental organizations need to come forward in a bid to help the deserving students who cannot afford the foreign education with various scholarship and exposure programs (Riddell and Miguel 48:23-36). In addition to that the various non-governmental organizations also needs to help the deserving students as the benefits which the process entails is not limited to the student only but to the family members and the nation as well (Riddell and Miguel 48:23-36). In addition to that, the various int ernational universities as well as colleges also need to relax their admission process a bit and provide financial resources and scholarship programs to the deserving students (Hong and Faridah). Literature Review Martens, Kerstin, and Philipp Knodel.Internationalization of education policy: A new constellation of statehood in education?. Springer, 2014. This particular article gives an overview of the various factors which have an impact on the thought process of the students to study abroad (Martens and Knodel). It is to be noted that the process of internationalization of education have opened up several educational opportunities for the students which were not available to the students a few decades ago. Therefore, the students often take the help of the facilities which are available to them at the present moment and opt for the process of foreign education to further their prospects in the later part of their life (Martens and Knodel). It is to be noted the present day educational world have become much more competitive than the earlier times and therefore a foreign degree is often seen as an added advantage in the process. Thus, many students with the necessary educational degrees and financial means often take the help of the foreign education. Busse, Vera, and Catherine Walter."Foreign language learning motivation in higher education: A longitudinal study of motivational changes and their causes."The Modern Language Journal, volume-97, no-2, 2013, pp.435-456, Willey Online Library, doi/abs/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2013.12004.x This particular article by the authors Busse, Vera, and Catherine Walter published in the The Modern Language Journal intends to give an overview of the motivational factor in the process of foreign education and the role which foreign language plays in the process. It is often seen that the knowledge of foreign languages is considered to be an added advantage in the process of foreign education and this particular factor often motivates the students to take up higher education in the countries whose language they are familiar with. This is a new trend which is seen among the students in the present times (Busse and Walter 97: 435-456). There was a time when the primary motivating for the pursuing of the foreign education were the benefits which entailed with the process. However, in the present times the knowledge of the language of the country in which the student is trying to study also forms an important motivational factor. Kinser, Kevin, and Jason Lane. "Foreign outposts of colleges and universities."International Higher Education66 (2015). This particular article comments on the importance of foreign outposts of the various colleges as well as universities. It is seen that the various colleges as well as universities often take the help of the franchise system or out posting to provide quality education to the students who are unable to apply or to take admission in their main campuses (Kinser and Lane 66:1-6). This is another trend which is seen among the various colleges as well as universities and in a way it has made the higher education process much easier for the students who due to various reasons are unable to pursue higher education in the various foreign colleges as well as universities. Audience Analysis My target audience for this particular paper will be the students who are considering to take up foreign education or the ones who are in a dilemma as to whether they should pursue foreign education or not. A foreign education has become a necessary tool for the students and often helps them to gain a competitive advantage over the other people and students. It is not that native colleges as well as the universities of the nations to which the student belongs do not provide quality education to the students. However, there are certain perks associated with the process of foreign education like the international exposure which the students get and also the placement facilities which are provided by the colleges or the universities. It is a reflection of these facilities provided by the various foreign colleges as well as universities that the students often opt for their higher education in those countries. Therefore, the students with adequate educational as well as financial resourc es should opt for higher education in the various foreign colleges as well as universities. Conclusion Thus, from the above discussion it becomes clear that the advantages which the foreign education provides to the students far outweigh the disadvantages which the process of foreign education entails with it. Therefore, the various students often pursue their foreign education in the foreign countries in a bid to gain advantage over the others. Therefore, it can be said that the best decision that a student and his or her family members can make is to pursue their higher education in the foreign countries. This particular choice is likely to provide them with better future opportunities. References Altbach, Philip. "Why branch campuses may be unsustainable."International Higher Education58 (2015). Busse, Vera, and Catherine Walter. "Foreign language learning motivation in higher education: A longitudinal study of motivational changes and their causes."The Modern Language Journal97.2 (2013): 435-456. Hong, Pu, and Faridah Pawan.The pedagogy and practice of western-trained Chinese English language teachers: Foreign education, Chinese meanings. Routledge, 2015. ISBN: 978-0-415-62935-5 (hbk) Kinser, Kevin, and Jason Lane. "Foreign outposts of colleges and universities."International Higher Education66 (2015). Martens, Kerstin, and Philipp Knodel.Internationalization of education policy: A new constellation of statehood in education?. Springer, 2014. Riddell, Abby, and Miguel Nio-Zaraza. "The effectiveness of foreign aid to education: What can be learned?."International Journal of Educational Development48 (2016): 23-36.

Nuclear Deal Essay Example

Nuclear Deal Essay Nucle The Implications for the Indo-U. S. CivilNuclear Deal Justine Isola Justine Isola is Visiting International Fellow at the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi August 26, 2010 Summary By some calculations, the chances that India will test a nuclear weapon in the coming years are not high. But if India again surprises the world as it did in 1998 with five nuclear explosions in the desert of Rajasthan, then conversations on the implications for the Indo-U. S. ivil-nuclear deal will begin. The record of debate on testing during negotiations reflects the depth of American concern that testing will lead to unstable nuclear escalation and the lengths the U. S. went to in order to deter India from conducting new tests. But it also underscores U. S. resolve to forge a new relationship with India despite evident disagreement on a thorny issue. Studying the finely wrought language of the deal reveals some persisting ambiguity about how the deal would be affected if India were to resume testing.However, in the event of a test, it’s a safe bet that several factors will play into determining U. S. response: the preferences of U. S. leaders, domestic lobbying, and geopolitical balance of power considerations. This response will be constrained by the strength of the U. S. -India relationship. Further, due to Indias deepening nuclear ties with the rest of the world, any U. S. response may have only a modest impact on India. If India Tests? The Implications for the Indo-U. S. Civil-Nuclear Deal 2 e The conclusion of the Indo-U. S. civil-nuclear deal in the fall of 2008 arked the end of three years of negotiations between the U. S. and India. Completion of the deal should not, however, obscure the history of domestic debate within the U. S. and India on how the terms of the deal apply. One issue on which lack of consensus notably persists within the U. S. is how the deal would be affected by India testing a nuclear weapon. As a Carnegie Endowment pub lication released during the thick of negotiations predicted, on the topic of nuclear testing, â€Å"[t]he ambiguities of this agreement invite future disputes and recriminations. 1 More recently, a Council on Foreign Relations backgrounder on the deal echoed this sentiment, referring to the repercussions of testing as â€Å"a potential area of dispute. †2 Examining U. S. laws on nuclear exports and cooperation suggests that the President would have to take some mandatory steps in response to a test. But (s)he would also have some discretionary authority. Looking at public statements and government debate on the issue of testing when Congress was negotiating the terms of the deal only underscores this lingering uncertainty about what India can expect from the U.S. if it resumes testing. However, several factors will certainly play into determining whether testing would jeopardize the agreement: who is in power in Washington, the strength of domestic interest groups, and bala nce of power geopolitics. Analysis of these factors suggests that the increasingly close ties between the U. S. and India may leave the U. S. with limited options for influencing India’s behaviour. Burgeoning nuclear ties between India and the rest of the world may further mean that the end of U. S. nuclear cooperation would have only a modest impact on India.The letter of the law U. S. President Bush and Indian Prime Minister Singh’s July 18, 2005, joint statement on civilian nuclear cooperation ushered in a heated debate between their two governments on the terms of this partnership. 3 Testing emerged as one of the most contentious issues from the start. Despite Prime Minister Singh’s promise in the joint statement to continue India’s unilateral moratorium on nuclear testing, many non-proliferation advocates in the U. S. were unhappy that the proposed agreement on cooperation did not explicitly prohibit Indian testing.The stakes were nuclear escalation in an unstable South Asia and the spectre of Indian testing triggering global proliferation. Some noted that the terms of 1 See chart accompanying Sharon Squassoni’s â€Å"Issues in U. S. -India Nuclear Cooperation,† Proliferation Analysis, November 7, 2007, http://www. carnegieendowment. org/npp/publications/ index. cfm? fa=view;id=19697. Jayshree Bajoria and Esther Pan, â€Å"The U. S. -India Nuclear Deal,† Backgrounder, Council on Foreign Relations, Updated November 20, 2009, http://www. cfr. org/publication/9663/ usindia_nuclear_deal_html. Joint Statement Between President George W. Bush and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh,† July 18, 2005, http://www. armscontrol. org/print/3292. 2 3 IDSA Issue Brief 3 the deal could in fact make it easier for India to test. 4 Others simply saw not tying the deal to India signing the Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty as a missed opportunity for nonproliferation. 5 They pushed for stronger language on the consequences of test ing. It was against this backdrop that Congress was conducting hearings on amending U. S. domestic law to loosen nuclear export legislation — the first hurdle to approving the civil-nuclear deal.The U. S. Atomic Energy Act (AEA) requires a formal agreement delineating the terms of civil-nuclear cooperation and stipulates that several criteria be met before such a â€Å"123 agreement† —so-called after section 123 of the Act — can go into effect. Congress had to exempt the proposed U. S. -India 123 Agreement from some of those criteria. Specifically, Congress had to excuse India from full-scope safeguards on all of its nuclear facilities and allow exports even though India had tested nuclear weapons in 1998. These were two equirements negotiators recognized early on as impossible to meet. 6 President Bush signed the Henry J. Hyde United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act into law on December 18, 2006, granting the above exemptions and preli minary approval to the civil-nuclear deal. This legislation arguably comes down clearly on the consequences of future tests: It specifies that all waivers â€Å"shall cease to be effective if the President determines that India has detonated a nuclear explosive device after the date of the enactment of this title. 7 And it does not exempt India from an Atomic Energy Act provision that in the event of a test, a partner country must return nuclear material and equipment acquired through trade. 8 Of course, the President retains the authority subsequently to waive the AEA’s termination of cooperation requirements if he determines that the â€Å"cessation of such exports would be seriously prejudicial to the achievement of United States non-proliferation objectives or otherwise jeopardize the common defence and security. †9 Whether or not the U. S. 4See Michael Krepon’s comments at Arms Control Association briefing, â€Å"The Senate and the U. S. Indian Nuclear De al: Issues and Alternatives,† November 14, 2006, http://www. armscontrol. org/ print/3230. See Paul K. Kerr, â€Å"U. S. Nuclear Cooperation with India: Issues for Congress,† Congressional Research Service, November 5, 2009, p. 14. Kerr, p. 33. See section 106 â€Å"Inoperability of Determination and Waivers† of Henry J. Hyde United StatesIndia Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act of 2006. See section 123(a)(4) of the Atomic Energy Act. Kerr, p. 32. 5 6 7 8 9 If India Tests?The Implications for the Indo-U. S. Civil-Nuclear Deal 4 e would in fact require India to return all transferred materials could well depend on what was transferred. If for example, India had only received supplies inconsequential for proliferation at the time of termination, the U. S. would not likely require the return of materials. But the Hyde Act and the Atomic Energy Act clearly provide Congress with unambiguous grounds (some would say mandatory obligations) for ending the deal and req uiring India to return nuclear material if India were to again test weapons.In debating the Hyde Act, the U. S. Congress also addressed concerns that the civil-nuclear deal would make it easier for India to test. For example, then-Senator Obama had proposed an amendment to the bill to â€Å"clarify United States policy in order to deter nuclear testing by foreign governments. †10 This amendment, which encourages limits on Indian reactor fuel reserves in order to make testing more difficult in the event of a cut-off of supplies, appeared in the final version of the Hyde Act as Section 103 (b) (10). 1 Following passage of the Hyde Act, the next hurdle to wrapping up the civil-nuclear deal was garnering Congressional approval for the 123 Agreement reached between leaders in Washington and New Delhi in July 2007. The 123 Agreement’s language on testing is not as clear-cut as that of the Hyde and Atomic Energy Acts. 123 agreements usually explicitly prohibit testing. But In dia had successfully prevented the agreement from including language explicitly stating that renewed nuclear testing would lead to termination of U. S. supplies.The provisions of the 123 Agreement thus raised some questions about whether the U. S. would in fact act decisively were India to test. 12 Congress scrutinized the 123 Agreement’s compliance with the testing provisions of the Hyde and Atomic Energy Acts, focusing on the following passages: The 123 Agreement states that â€Å"[e]ither Party shall have the right to terminate this Agreement prior to its expiration on one year’s written notice to the other Party. †13 10 â€Å"United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act,† Congressional Record, November 16, 2006, p. S10985.For more on Senator Obama’s positions on the civil-nuclear deal see Brahma Chellaney, â€Å"Obama’s India-Nuclear Legacy,† Asian Age, June 18, 2008, http:// chellaney. spaces. live. com/blog/cns! 49 13C7C8A2EA4A30! 622. entry. Section 103(b)(10) of the Hyde Act states, â€Å"Any nuclear power reactor fuel reserve provided to the Government of India for use in safeguarded civilian nuclear facilities should be commensurate with reasonable reactor operating requirements. † Chellaney’s article is the source for information about Obama’s amendment appearing in the final version of the bill.For further discussion of perceived inconsistencies between the Hyde Act and the 123 Agreement, see Proceedings of the Brookings Institution, July 30, 2008, Washington, D. C. â€Å"The U. S. -India Nuclear Agreement,† participants Stephen P. Cohen, Strobe Talbott, R. Nicholas burns, and Robert Einhorn, http://www. scribd. com/doc/6397716/Steve-P-Cohen-The-USIndia-NuclearAgreement-the-Brookings-Institution. All citations from version of â€Å"Agreement for Cooperation Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of India Concerning Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy (123 Agreement)† released by U. S.Department of State, August 3 2007, merln. ndu. edu/archivepdf/ india/State/90157. pdf. 11 12 13 IDSA Issue Brief 5 However, the agreement advises both the U. S. and India to â€Å"consider the relevant circumstances† and â€Å"take into account whether the circumstances that may lead to termination or cessation resulted from a Party’s serious concern about a changed security environment or as a response to similar actions by other States which could impact national security. † Further, the agreement urges both countries to â€Å"recognize that exercising the right of return† to compel India to send back any nuclear material acquired from the U.S. â€Å"would have profound implications for [U. S. -India] relations. † Finally, the agreement also spells out how the U. S. would help India work with other countries on ensuring its fuel supply if the U. S. were to cease supplying to India. 1 4 Such stipulations provide manoeuvring room for India to defend a decision to test as a response to a new security threat from countries such as China or Pakistan and arguably, for the U. S. to find creative ways to respond. Primary sources from when Congress was conducting hearings on the deal offer some clues to how the U.S. could interpret the above language in future scenarios. For example, correspondence between Chairman of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs Tom Lantos and State Department assistant secretary for legislative affairs Jeffrey T. Bergner reflects Congressional concern about what was left unsaid in the 123 Agreement. In response to the question â€Å"Would any of these commitments continue to apply if India detonated a nuclear explosive device? If so, under what circumstances? †, the State Department offered reassurances that the U.S. would have the right to cease nuclear cooperation with India â€Å"immediately. †15 In response to concern that t he fuel supply assurances would mitigate the effects of U. S. cut-off, the State Department clarified that the purpose of these assurances was to â€Å"guard against disruptions of fuel supply to India that might occur through no fault of India’s own. †16 In response to a question about how provisions for a â€Å"lifetime† supply for India’s safeguarded reactors was consistent with Senator Obama’s amendment on limiting fuel 14 The United States will support an Indian effort to develop a strategic reserve of nuclear fuel to guard against any disruption of supply over the lifetime of India’s reactors. If despite these arrangements, a disruption of fuel supplies to India occurs, the United States and India would jointly convene a group of friendly supplier countries to include countries such as Russia, France and the United Kingdom to pursue such measures as would restore fuel supply to India,† Ibid. â€Å"Questions for the Record submit ted to Assistant Secretary Bergner by Chairman Tom Lantos House Committee on Foreign Affairs,† October 5, 2007, Question 16.Ibid. , Questions 17 and 18. 15 16 If India Tests? The Implications for the Indo-U. S. Civil-Nuclear Deal 6 e reactor reserves, the State Department replied simply, â€Å"[w]e do not read these provisions to be inconsistent. †17 Finally, when asked why the agreement does not contain â€Å"explicit† language on â€Å"actions that would give the U. S. the right to terminate nuclear cooperation† in the event of a test, the State Department answered that the agreement â€Å"provides for a clear right for the U. S. o terminate nuclear cooperation and a right to require the return of equipment and materials subject to the agreement in all of the circumstances required under the Atomic Energy Act, including if India detonated a nuclear explosive device†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 18 These exchanges offer some insight into how the U. S. could interpret the provisions on testing and termination in the various components of the civil-nuclear deal should India ever again test. In underscoring the U. S. right to end cooperation and request the return of nuclear materials, the State Department does not specify whether such a response would be mandatory.Eleventh-hour controversy and persisting post-deal ambiguities The clarifications provided by the State Department did not put an end to debate about Indian testing. In fact, the testing controversy remained live even after President Bush signed the United States-India Nuclear Cooperation Approval and Nonproliferation Enhancement Act, the legislation that approved the 123 Agreement. For example, before sending the bill to the President, the Senate rejected an eleventh-hour amendment to end nuclear exports if India were to test nuclear weapons. 19And even so, the Indian government was taking no chances.Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice had arrived in New Delhi several days after Congress a pproved the bill and was expected by many to get Indian Foreign Minister Pranab Mukherjee’s signature on the agreement. 20 But the Indian government insisted that President Bush sign first, reportedly in the hope that Bush would make a final statement speaking to India’s concerns about continued fuel supplies if India were to conduct a test. 21 On October 8, 2008, President Bush signed the bill without the much-sought after explicit language on the repercussions of testing.In his statement, he noted simply that the legislation authorizing the 123 Agreement â€Å"does not change the 17 18 19 Ibid. , Question 19. Ibid. , Question 35. Bajoria and Pan. Amendment was S. AMDT. 5683 to H. R. 7081 â€Å"To prohibit nuclear trade with India in the event that India detonates a nuclear weapon and to impose certain certification, reporting, and control requirements. † The amendment was introduced and rejected on October 1, 2008. The Senate passed H. R. 7081 the same day. R ama Lakshmi, â€Å"Glitch Delays Signing of India Nuclear Pact,† The Washington Post, October 5, 2008. Ibid. 20 21IDSA Issue Brief 7 fuel assurance commitments that the United States Government has made to the Government of India, as recorded in [the agreement]. †22 Just weeks after Bush signed the 123 Agreement, The Washington Times ran an editorial chastising his administration and Congress for approving the deal and urging the incoming Obama administration to end cooperation if India were to resume testing. 23 Citing â€Å"serious concerns† about the deal’s compliance with the standards of the Hyde Act, the authors argued that â€Å"the next administration must make it clear that conditionality or not, the U.S. will cut off nuclear supplies if India conducts another test. † 24 The Obama administration has not released such a statement. More recently, disagreement on the testing issue contributed to delays resolving the latest successfully conclud ed aspect of the nuclear deal — the terms of the agreement that will allow India to reprocess spent fuel. In an April 5, 2010, interview, the Carnegie Endowment’s Mark Hibbs was asked about what would happen to the reprocessing agreement if India were to test a nuclear weapon. Hibbs explained that lthough â€Å"[t]he arrangements do not explicitly state that an Indian nuclear test would be grounds for suspending U. S. consent to reprocessing †¦ the United States could base suspension upon its determination that a test constituted a serious threat to U. S. national security. †25 An Arms Control Association report on the terms of the reprocessing agreement clarifies how the repercussions of testing could play out, citing the language of the agreement: The â€Å"sole grounds† for seeking suspension are â€Å"exceptional circumstances limited to† a determination by either party that â€Å"continuance of reprocessing of U.S. -obligated material at the Facility would result in a serious threat to the Party’s national security† and a determination that â€Å"suspension is an unavoidable measure. †26 The testing issues, it appears, will not be laid to rest anytime soon. Forecasting U. S. response The above overview provides ample evidence of the primacy of the testing issue in negotiations about the civil-nuclear deal and persisting post-deal ambiguities. As this analysis demonstrates, despite vigorous debate and careful examination of the language of each component of the deal, U.S. response to an Indian test is arguably uncertain. Those who want to predict U. S. response should also be mindful that whatever the deal 23 Lawrence J. Korb and Winny Chen, â€Å"U. S. must suspend deal if India tests another nuke,† The Washington Times, November 11, 2008. Ibid. Mark Hibbs, â€Å"Moving Forward on the U. S. -India Nuclear Deal,† Carnegie Endowment, Q;A, April 5, 2010, http://carnegieendowment. org/ publications/index. cfm? fa=view;id=40491. Daniel Horner, Arms Control Today, â€Å"India, U. S. Agree on Terms for Reprocessing,† May 2010, http://www. rmscontrol. org/act/2010_05/US-IndiaReprocessing). 24 25 26 If India Tests? The Implications for the Indo-U. S. Civil-Nuclear Deal 8 e says, the president and a simple majority in Congress could enact freestanding legislation to end cooperation. 27 For these reasons, in addition to mining the relevant legislation to identify triggers for termination, onlookers should consider how factors such as the makeup of leadership in Washington, pressures from domestic interest groups, and geopolitical context could play a decisive role in shaping this response.Who’s in power in Washington – Studying the copious record of debate on testing is a reminder of the fact that the Bush administration and Congress did not see eye to eye on all aspects of the deal. With a new president and newly elected members of Congress, some of these fault lines may again appear in the future. President Obama’s statements and positions as a senator give reason to believe he would favour acting decisively if India were to test. Some observers have even contended that the Obama administration has been deliberately slow to implement the civil-nuclear deal, perhaps reflecting residual opposition to its terms. 8 If the American public does not re-elect Obama for a second term, this calculus would shift. Turnover in Congress after the upcoming midterm elections could also shake things up. Domestic interest groups – No matter who is in the White House, any President deciding whether or not to terminate cooperation would want to factor into consideration the growing influence of the Indian American lobby in the U. S. and its perception of a U. S. response. 29 The deal signified an elevation of U. S. -India partnership. Ending the deal could be similarly symbolically significant. Business interests will also shape th e nature of U. S. esponse. Some critics of the nuclear deal have long held that business interests drove the initiative. 30 And economic self-interest could certainly reduce the likelihood of U. S. termination. American companies such as GE Hitachi and Westinghouse that are poised to construct nuclear reactors in Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat will not want to be cut out of Indian markets. 31 According to a U. S. -India trade group, such business may be worth $130 billion by 2030. 32 27 See Michael A. Levi and Charles D. Ferguson, â€Å"U. S. India Cooperation: A Strategy for Moving Forward,† CSR No. 16, June 2006, Council on Foreign Relations, p. 9. Raja Karthikeya, â€Å"India’s CTBT debate: Conviction or Con‘fusion,’† published on the website of the Center for Strategic and International Studies (http://csis. org), Sept. 28, 2009. For coverage of the growing influence of the Indian American lobby see Mira Kamdar, â€Å"Forget the Israel Lobby. The H ill’s Next Big Player Is Made in India,† The Washington Post, September 30, 2007, http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/28/ AR2007092801350. html. See for example J. Sri Raman, â€Å"The U. S. -India nuclear deal – one year later,† Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, October 1, 2009, http://www. hebulletin. org/web-edition/features/the-us-indianuclear-deal-one-year-later. Randy Woods, â€Å"India names sites to host reactors by GE Hitachi, Westinghouse,† Nucleonics Week, October 22, 2009. Mark Hibbs, â€Å"Moving Forward on the U. S. -India Nuclear Deal,† Carnegie Endowment, Q;A, April 5, 2010, http://carnegieendowment. org/publications/index. cfm? fa=view;id=40491. 28 29 30 31 32 IDSA Issue Brief 9 Balance of power geopolitics – Concern about preserving the balance of power in Asia and assessing the motives that may have led India to test in the first place will also play a role in determining U.S. response to an Indian test. India may in the future want to expand its nuclear arsenal or increase the credibility of its thermonuclear deterrent in response to developments in neighbouring countries. If India were to test following overt territorial aggression by China or Pakistan, then it is probable the U. S. government would indeed excuse Indian tests. If India were to test in the wake of testing by China or Pakistan, it is again possible that the U. S. would tolerate a reciprocal act, though it is hard to imagine officials in Washington not feeling compelled to respond in some shape or form.It should also be noted that the U. S. will probably have to impose sanctions on India regardless of what steps (if any) it takes with respect to ending nuclear cooperation. The Glenn Amendment to the Arms Export Control Act mandates that the U. S. cease assistance to any non-nuclear weapons state involved in the transfer or use of a nuclear explosive device, although the president has authority to dela y imposing sanctions if he deems they would be â€Å"detrimental to the national security of the United States† and waive them entirely with Congress’s approval. 3 This was the law triggered in 1998 when India conducted five nuclear explosions in the desert of Rajasthan. But the impact of such sanctions has been debated. 34 The political will to maintain sanctions against India (and Pakistan, which had conducted its own nuclear tests following India’s tests) seems to have been lacking as penalizing India became less important than securing business opportunities and India’s partnership on emerging regional security concerns. Congress repealed sanctions against India less than two years after they went into effect. 5 As the above snapshots of the factors that could determine a U. S. response to Indian testing suggest, people-to-people, business, and security ties between the U. S. and India have only grown since then. These factors (with the exception of t he make-up of U. S. leadership) demonstrate the ways in which U. S. response to Indian testing could be complicated by the transformation of the U. S. -India relationship since the end of the Cold War. Increasing partnership may limit the scenarios under which the U. S. would end the civil-nuclear deal or take supplementary steps such as imposing sanctions.Why ending the deal may not matter to India Understanding how India will be impacted by a U. S. response to testing is as important 33 See Section 102(b) of the Arms Control Export Act. India is a non-nuclear weapons state as defined by the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. For a comprehensive discussion of the impact of the 1998 sanctions against India and Pakistan see Robert M. Hathaway, â€Å"Confrontation and Retreat: The U. S. Congress and the South Asian Nuclear Tests,† Arms Control Today, January/February 2000, http://www. armscontrol. org/act/2000_0102/rhjf00. Ibid. 34 35 If India Tests?The Implications for the Indo- U. S. Civil-Nuclear Deal 10 e considering the nature of the response. There is good reason to believe that India would as not be adversely affected by a cut-off of U. S. nuclear supplies. Even if the U. S. stops nuclear cooperation with India, several other countries are poised to step in and begin exporting fuel and technology to India. Shortly before Congress approved the deal, the Nuclear Supplies Group agreed to exempt India from the usual rules governing global nuclear trade, freeing India to cooperate with other NSG member states on nuclear trade.India currently has bilateral nuclear agreements in place with the U. S. , France, Russia, Kazakhstan and Canada. 36 The NSG exemption opening up trade with India may in fact be the most significant legacy of the civil-nuclear deal. As George Perkovich explains, â€Å"[i]f India were to test a nuclear device after several years of receiving fuel imports, it would be able to withstand interruption of foreign fuel supplies, especially if in the intervening period India increases its own uranium mining operations. 37 This analysis suggests that Senator Obama was prescient when pushing for limits on Indian reactor fuel reserves. In the future, however, cut-off of U. S. supplies may not be a sufficient tool for preventing Indian proliferation. Conclusion By some calculations, the chances that India will test a nuclear weapon in the coming years have never been high, deal or no deal. But if India again surprises the world as it did in 1998, then conversations on the implications for the deal will undoubtedly be about more than its finely wrought language.The above record of debate on testing speaks to the depth of American concern that testing will lead to unstable nuclear escalation and to the lengths the U. S. went to in order to deter India from conducting new tests. But the end result of those negotiations also underscores U. S. resolve to forge a new relationship with India despite evident disagreement on a thor ny issue. In the event of a test, it’s a safe bet that the preferences of U. S. eaders, domestic lobbying, and geopolitical balance of power considerations will play a role in determining U. S. response. The effect of that response on an India that is itself deepening ties with the U. S. and diversifying its partnerships is equally worth contemplating. 36 Urjit R. Patel, â€Å"Crucial Deadline for Nuclear Energy Business in India,† The Brookings Institution, http://www. brookings. edu/opinions/2010/0817_nuclear_energy_india_patel. aspx. George Perkovich, â€Å"Global implications of the U. S-India deal,† Daedalus, Winter 2010, p. 26. 37